How Much Do You Know About Celiac Disease?
Celiac disease is a digestive disease that can affect children and adults alike. Also known as celiac sprue, this disease is the most common genetic disease in Europe and is considered significantly underdiagnosed in the U.S. Learn more about the disease by taking this quiz.
1. People with celiac disease cannot eat which kind of food?
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When a person with celiac disease eats any of these grains, a protein called gluten found in them causes a reaction in his or her immune system. The immune system damages the tiny, fingerlike projections, called villi, that line the small intestine. Villi are important because nutrients pass through them into the bloodstream. When villi are destroyed, the person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food he or she eats. The person has difficulty absorbing carbohydrates, fat, protein, fat-soluble vitamins, calcium, magnesium, iron, folate, and zinc.
2. What circumstance may trigger celiac disease?
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Celiac is likely caused by both genetic factors (meaning it runs in families) and a trigger, which is gluten. The disease can develop in children and in adults, although it's unclear who will develop it when. Some research suggests that the risk for celiac disease may be reduced if an infant is introduced to gluten while being breast-fed.
3. Celiac disease is one of two forms of sprue (pronounced "SPROO"). The other form is tropical sprue. What causes tropical sprue?
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This form of sprue is found in some tropical areas, such as the Caribbean, India, and Southeast Asia. Researchers aren't sure of the exact cause, but they suspect some kind of infection, including all of those listed (bacteria, viruses, parasites, or contaminated food), or conditions such as vitamin deficiency. The main symptoms of tropical sprue are
diarrhea, weight loss, and
anemia. Treatment usually is a course of
antibiotics.
4. People with celiac disease often have which other disease?
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All of the diseases listed are autoimmune diseases, as is celiac disease. Other autoimmune diseases that may occur along with celiac disease include dermatitis herpetiformis, collagen vascular disease, and Sjogren's syndrome. Researchers suspect that the link between celiac disease and these other autoimmune diseases is genetic.
5. Which of these is a symptom of celiac disease?
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Symptoms of celiac disease include weight loss,
diarrhea, excessive
gas, behavior changes, delayed growth (in children), failure to thrive (in infants), bone or
joint pain, seizures, tingling
numbness in the legs, tooth discoloration, and
infertility. Symptoms differ from person to person; some have only abdominal symptoms, others have no symptoms. People without symptoms still have undamaged parts of their small intestine that are able to absorb enough nutrients. These people are still at risk for complications.
6. How is celiac disease diagnosed?
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A person with celiac disease has higher than normal levels of certain antibodies. These antibodies can be measured with a blood test. If symptoms and the blood test suggest celiac disease, the doctor may then order a biopsy of the small intestine. The biopsy checks for damage to the villi. Without these tests,
celiac disease is difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to those of irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease,
ulcerative colitis, diverticulosis, chronic
fatigue syndrome, and
depression.
7. How is celiac disease treated?
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A person with celiac disease must avoid any foods that contain gluten. For most people, a gluten-free diet will stop symptoms, heal intestinal damage, and prevent further damage. The healing process can take from six months (children) to two years (adults). This special diet must be followed for the rest of the person's life, because eating any amount of gluten can damage the small intestine. Some people with celiac disease have a small intestine so damaged by the disease that it cannot heal even with a change in diet.
9. Which of these can be a complication of celiac disease?
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Lymphoma, which is cancer of the lymph system, can develop in the small intestine of a person with celiac disease. Because it may be difficult for a person with celiac disease to absorb enough calcium,
osteoporosis may develop. Because of poor absorption of nutrients, a woman with celiac disease who is pregnant may be at risk for miscarriage, as well as neural tube defects and other congenital defects. Seizures may be caused by poor absorption of folate. Poor absorption of folate and iron may cause
anemia.
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